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surveydeep-rlmulti-agent-rlagent-modellingad-hoc-teamworkautonomous-drivinggoal-recognitionexplainable-aicausalgeneralisationsecurityemergent-communicationiterated-learningintrinsic-rewardsimulatorstate-estimationdeep-learningtransfer-learning
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Shangmin-GuoStefano-V.-Albrecht
2024
Shangmin Guo, Yi Ren, Stefano V. Albrecht, Kenny Smith
lpNTK: Better Generalisation with Less Data via Sample Interaction During Learning
International Conference on Learning Representations, 2024
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv | Code
ICLRdeep-learning
Abstract:
Although much research has been done on proposing new models or loss functions to improve the generalisation of artificial neural networks (ANNs), less attention has been directed to the impact of the training data on generalisation. In this work, we start from approximating the interaction between samples, i.e. how learning one sample would modify the model's prediction on other samples. Through analysing the terms involved in weight updates in supervised learning, we find that labels influence the interaction between samples. Therefore, we propose the labelled pseudo Neural Tangent Kernel (lpNTK) which takes label information into consideration when measuring the interactions between samples. We first prove that lpNTK asymptotically converges to the empirical neural tangent kernel in terms of the Frobenius norm under certain assumptions. Secondly, we illustrate how lpNTK helps to understand learning phenomena identified in previous work, specifically the learning difficulty of samples and forgetting events during learning. Moreover, we also show that using lpNTK to identify and remove poisoning training samples does not hurt the generalisation performance of ANNs.
@inproceedings{guo2024lpntk,
title={Sample Relationship from Learning Dynamics Matters for Generalisation},
author={Shangmin Guo and Yi Ren and Stefano V. Albrecht and Kenny Smith},
booktitle={12th International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2024},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=8Ju0VmvMCW}
}
Samuel Garcin, James Doran, Shangmin Guo, Christopher G. Lucas, Stefano V. Albrecht
ICED: Zero-Shot Transfer in Reinforcement Learning via In-Context Environment Design
arXiv:2402.03479, 2024
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv
deep-rl
Abstract:
Autonomous agents trained using deep reinforcement learning (RL) often lack the ability to successfully generalise to new environments, even when they share characteristics with the environments they have encountered during training. In this work, we investigate how the sampling of individual environment instances, or levels, affects the zero-shot generalisation (ZSG) ability of RL agents. We discover that, for deep actor-critic architectures sharing their base layers, prioritising levels according to their value loss minimises the mutual information between the agent's internal representation and the set of training levels in the generated training data. This provides a novel theoretical justification for the implicit regularisation achieved by certain adaptive sampling strategies. We then turn our attention to unsupervised environment design (UED) methods, which have more control over the data generation mechanism. We find that existing UED methods can significantly shift the training distribution, which translates to low ZSG performance. To prevent both overfitting and distributional shift, we introduce in-context environment design (ICED). ICED generates levels using a variational autoencoder trained over an initial set of level parameters, reducing distributional shift, and achieves significant improvements in ZSG over adaptive level sampling strategies and UED methods.
@misc{garcin2024iced,
title={ICED: Zero-Shot Transfer in Reinforcement Learning via In-Context Environment Design},
author={Samuel Garcin and James Doran and Shangmin Guo and Christopher G. Lucas and Stefano V. Albrecht},
year={2024},
eprint={2402.03479},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
2023
Samuel Garcin, James Doran, Shangmin Guo, Christopher G. Lucas, Stefano V. Albrecht
How the level sampling process impacts zero-shot generalisation in deep reinforcement learning
NeurIPS Workshop on Agent Learning in Open-Endedness, 2023
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv
NeurIPSdeep-rl
Abstract:
A key limitation preventing the wider adoption of autonomous agents trained via deep reinforcement learning (RL) is their limited ability to generalise to new environments, even when these share similar characteristics with environments encountered during training. In this work, we investigate how a non-uniform sampling strategy of individual environment instances, or levels, affects the zero-shot generalisation (ZSG) ability of RL agents, considering two failure modes: overfitting and over-generalisation. As a first step, we measure the mutual information (MI) between the agent's internal representation and the set of training levels, which we find to be well-correlated to instance overfitting. In contrast to uniform sampling, adaptive sampling strategies prioritising levels based on their value loss are more effective at maintaining lower MI, which provides a novel theoretical justification for this class of techniques. We then turn our attention to unsupervised environment design (UED) methods, which adaptively generate new training levels and minimise MI more effectively than methods sampling from a fixed set. However, we find UED methods significantly shift the training distribution, resulting in over-generalisation and worse ZSG performance over the distribution of interest. To prevent both instance overfitting and over-generalisation, we introduce self-supervised environment design (SSED). SSED generates levels using a variational autoencoder, effectively reducing MI while minimising the shift with the distribution of interest, and leads to statistically significant improvements in ZSG over fixed-set level sampling strategies and UED methods.
@inproceedings{garcin2023level,
title={How the level sampling process impacts zero-shot generalisation in deep reinforcement learning},
author={Samuel Garcin and James Doran and Shangmin Guo and Christopher G. Lucas and Stefano V. Albrecht},
booktitle={NeurIPS Workshop on Agent Learning in Open-Endedness},
year={2023}
}
Samuel Garcin, James Doran, Shangmin Guo, Christopher G. Lucas, Stefano V. Albrecht
How the level sampling process impacts zero-shot generalisation in deep reinforcement learning
arXiv:2310.03494, 2023
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv
deep-rl
Abstract:
A key limitation preventing the wider adoption of autonomous agents trained via deep reinforcement learning (RL) is their limited ability to generalise to new environments, even when these share similar characteristics with environments encountered during training. In this work, we investigate how a non-uniform sampling strategy of individual environment instances, or levels, affects the zero-shot generalisation (ZSG) ability of RL agents, considering two failure modes: overfitting and over-generalisation. As a first step, we measure the mutual information (MI) between the agent's internal representation and the set of training levels, which we find to be well-correlated to instance overfitting. In contrast to uniform sampling, adaptive sampling strategies prioritising levels based on their value loss are more effective at maintaining lower MI, which provides a novel theoretical justification for this class of techniques. We then turn our attention to unsupervised environment design (UED) methods, which adaptively generate new training levels and minimise MI more effectively than methods sampling from a fixed set. However, we find UED methods significantly shift the training distribution, resulting in over-generalisation and worse ZSG performance over the distribution of interest. To prevent both instance overfitting and over-generalisation, we introduce self-supervised environment design (SSED). SSED generates levels using a variational autoencoder, effectively reducing MI while minimising the shift with the distribution of interest, and leads to statistically significant improvements in ZSG over fixed-set level sampling strategies and UED methods.
@misc{garcin2023level,
title={How the level sampling process impacts zero-shot generalisation in deep reinforcement learning},
author={Samuel Garcin and James Doran and Shangmin Guo and Christopher G. Lucas and Stefano V. Albrecht},
year={2023},
eprint={2310.03494},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
2022
Ibrahim H. Ahmed, Cillian Brewitt, Ignacio Carlucho, Filippos Christianos, Mhairi Dunion, Elliot Fosong, Samuel Garcin, Shangmin Guo, Balint Gyevnar, Trevor McInroe, Georgios Papoudakis, Arrasy Rahman, Lukas Schäfer, Massimiliano Tamborski, Giuseppe Vecchio, Cheng Wang, Stefano V. Albrecht
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Agent Interaction
AI Communications, 2022
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv | Publisher
AICsurveydeep-rlmulti-agent-rlad-hoc-teamworkagent-modellinggoal-recognitionsecurityexplainable-aiautonomous-driving
Abstract:
The development of autonomous agents which can interact with other agents to accomplish a given task is a core area of research in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Towards this goal, the Autonomous Agents Research Group develops novel machine learning algorithms for autonomous systems control, with a specific focus on deep reinforcement learning and multi-agent reinforcement learning. Research problems include scalable learning of coordinated agent policies and inter-agent communication; reasoning about the behaviours, goals, and composition of other agents from limited observations; and sample-efficient learning based on intrinsic motivation, curriculum learning, causal inference, and representation learning. This article provides a broad overview of the ongoing research portfolio of the group and discusses open problems for future directions.
@article{albrecht2022aic,
author = {Ahmed, Ibrahim H. and Brewitt, Cillian and Carlucho, Ignacio and Christianos, Filippos and Dunion, Mhairi and Fosong, Elliot and Garcin, Samuel and Guo, Shangmin and Gyevnar, Balint and McInroe, Trevor and Papoudakis, Georgios and Rahman, Arrasy and Schäfer, Lukas and Tamborski, Massimiliano and Vecchio, Giuseppe and Wang, Cheng and Albrecht, Stefano V.},
title = {Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Agent Interaction},
journal = {AI Communications, Special Issue on Multi-Agent Systems Research in the UK},
year = {2022}
}
Shangmin Guo, Yi Ren, Stefano V. Albrecht, Kenny Smith
Sample Relationships through the Lens of Learning Dynamics with Label Information
NeurIPS Workshop on Interpolation and Beyond, 2022
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv
NeurIPSiterated-learningdeep-learningtransfer-learning
Abstract:
Although much research has been done on proposing new models or loss functions to improve the generalisation of artificial neural networks (ANNs), less attention has been directed to the data, which is also an important factor for training ANNs. In this work, we start from approximating the interaction between two samples, i.e. how learning one sample would modify the model's prediction on the other sample. Through analysing the terms involved in weight updates in supervised learning, we find that the signs of labels influence the interactions between samples. Therefore, we propose the labelled pseudo Neural Tangent Kernel (lpNTK) which takes label information into consideration when measuring the interactions between samples. We first prove that lpNTK would asymptotically converge to the well-known empirical Neural Tangent Kernel in terms of the Frobenius norm under certain assumptions. Secondly, we illustrate how lpNTK helps to understand learning phenomena identified in previous work, specifically the learning difficulty of samples and forgetting events during learning. Moreover, we also show that lpNTK can help to improve the generalisation performance of ANNs in image classification tasks, compared with the original whole training sets.
@inproceedings{guo2022relationship,
title={Sample Relationships through the Lens of Learning Dynamics with Label Information},
author={Shangmin Guo and Yi Ren and Stefano V. Albrecht and Kenny Smith},
booktitle={NeurIPS 2022 Workshop on Interpolation and Beyond},
year={2022}
}
Shangmin Guo, Yi Ren, Kory Mathewson, Simon Kirby, Stefano V. Albrecht, Kenny Smith
Expressivity of Emergent Languages is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability
International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv | Code
ICLRmulti-agent-rlemergent-communication
Abstract:
Researchers are using deep learning models to explore the emergence of language in various language games, where simulated agents interact and develop an emergent language to solve a task. We focus on the factors which determine the expressivity of emergent languages, which reflects the amount of information about input spaces those languages are capable of encoding. We measure the expressivity of emergent languages based on their generalisation performance across different games, and demonstrate that the expressivity of emergent languages is a trade-off between the complexity and unpredictability of the context those languages are used in. Another novel contribution of this work is the discovery of message type collapse. We also show that using the contrastive loss proposed by Chen et al. (2020) can alleviate this problem, compared with the standard referential loss used by the existing works.
@inproceedings{guo2022expressivity,
title={Expressivity of Emergent Languages is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability},
author={Shangmin Guo and Yi Ren and Kory Mathewson and Simon Kirby and Stefano V. Albrecht and Kenny Smith},
booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
year={2022}
}
2021
Shangmin Guo, Yi Ren, Kory Mathewson, Simon Kirby, Stefano V. Albrecht, Kenny Smith
Expressivity of Emergent Language is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability
arXiv:2106.03982, 2021
Abstract | BibTex | arXiv
multi-agent-rlemergent-communication
Abstract:
Researchers are now using deep learning models to explore the emergence of language in various language games, where simulated agents interact and develop an emergent language to solve a task. Although it is quite intuitive that different types of language games posing different communicative challenges might require emergent languages which encode different levels of information, there is no existing work exploring the expressivity of the emergent languages. In this work, we propose a definition of partial order between expressivity based on the generalisation performance across different language games. We also validate the hypothesis that expressivity of emergent languages is a trade-off between the complexity and unpredictability of the context those languages are used in. Our second novel contribution is introducing contrastive loss into the implementation of referential games. We show that using our contrastive loss alleviates the collapse of message types seen using standard referential loss functions.
@misc{guo2021expressivity,
title={Expressivity of Emergent Language is a Trade-off between Contextual Complexity and Unpredictability},
author={Shangmin Guo and Yi Ren and Kory Mathewson and Simon Kirby and Stefano V. Albrecht and Kenny Smith},
year={2021},
eprint={2106.03982},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}